Mintzberg’s 10 Managerial Roles Essay Example for Free

Mintzbergs 10 managerial Roles EssayThis chart summarizes a managers ten roles Mintzbergs Managerial Roles Category Role Activity Examples Informational Monitor Seek and acquire work-related Scan/read trade press, periodicals, information reports attend seminars and training maintain personal contacts disseminator Communicate/ disseminate information Send memos and reports inform staffers and to others indoors the organization subordinates of decisions Spokesperson Communicate/transmit information to Pass on memos, reports and informational outsiders materials participate in conferences/meetings and report progress Interpersonal Figurehead Perform social and legal duties, act Greet visitors, sign legal documents, attend as symbolic draw ribbon cutting ceremonies, host receptions, etc. Leader Direct and motivate subordinates, Includes almost all interactions with select and train employees subordinates Liaison Establish and maintain contacts withinBusiness correspondence, participation in and outside the organization meetings with representatives of other divisions or organizations. Decisional Entrepreneur Identify new ideas and initiate Implement innovations Plan for the future rise projects Disturbance Handler Deals with disputes or problems and Settle conflicts between subordinates takes corrective action Choose strategic alternatives Overcome crisis situations Resource Allocator Decide where to apply resources outline and approve of plans, schedules, budgets Set priorities Negotiator Defends business interests Participates in and directs negotiations within team, department, and organization In the real world, these roles overlap and a manager must learn to sense of equilibrium them in order to manage effectively. While a managers work can be analyzed by these individual roles, in course session they are intermixed and interdependent. According to Mintzberg The manager who only communicates or only conceives never gets anything done, while the manager who only does ends up doing it all alone.

Red Bull Essay Example for Free

Red whoreson EssayMany people, especially young people, athletes and students, drink energy drinks like Red Bull, quaver Star and Monster almost e real day to survive in their busy livelihood. However, these people do not know the stern side do and the harm which these energy drinks can make in their body. A research was conducted by Mayo Clinic hospital says that Energy drinks related emergency visit simulacrum in the hospital in the last 4 years. The same study similarly says that drinking energy drinks might lead to a very dangerous diseases much(prenominal) as Rapid internalitybeat and blood pressure. Energy drinks do not sheath only dangerous diseases but also it can cause goal, and there are too many death cases which are related to energy drinks. According to CBS news, a 19 years old teenager Alex Morris died in California from a heart attack last year after consuming two cans of the energy drink Monster. another(prenominal) death case was inform by CBS news in Maryland for a 14-year-old Anais Fournier. Anais died after he consumed two cans of Monster.In 2011, Cory Terry 33 years old from Brooklyn new York died from heart attack during a basketball game after drinking the energy drink Red bull. In 2013, Michael Clarke a 35 years old truck driver from Australia died from caffeine toxicity after drinking four cans of Red Bull. According to Michaels mother, Michael has never smoked and he used to run daily, and he was in a good health. According to ABC news, the 5 Hour energy drink has led to the death of 13 people in the past 4 years. Lanna Hamann, 16 years old girl from Rocky Point, Mexico, died from a heart attack after consuming 3 cans of the energy drink Rock Star.These examples of the death cases which are related to the energy drinks are actually few from many reported and unreported cases. My friend, I understand the need of being awake is very important for all of us since our life is very busy, but there are other safe alternative s which can make us awake and also in the same time do not harm our lives. For example, instead of drinking energy drink we can eat Chocolate, which tone downs caffeine also century gram of chocolate contains around 43 grams of caffeine.Moreover, Chocolate has some important minerals to our body such as Iron and magnesium. Another alternative is drinking tea, a speed of light gram of tea contains 11 milligram of caffeine. According to Today Health magazine, drinking Tea is very good for human health since it contain antioxidant which can protect human from cancer and also it increases human metabolism which can help in losing weight. Another alternative is drinking coffee, a 100 gram of coffee contains 40 milligram of caffeine.According to Harvard school of public health, coffee contains a substance called cafestol, which reduce the cholesterol level in the blood. Another study shows that people who drink coffee have a 23 to 50% lower risk of getting diabetes. In conclusion, my fr iend, in the media they says red Bull can give wings but actually it doesnt. These energy drinks can harm your health and might kill you. So in this busy life you can always eat or drink natural food or dinks to make you awake and healthy in the same time such as chocolate, tea or coffee. pants rested until their heart rate

Concepts of Money Measurement

Concepts of bullion MeasurementBusiness Entity Concept can also be known as separate entity purpose. A commerce entity concept is the financial activities are record distinct from the people who finance it such as owners, creditors, customers, and employers. The accounting records reflect the financial activities of a specific incorporated entity. So, the business should separately from the proprietor or investor. When the profit is return in to the business, the profit must be taken into account.For example, the sole trader invests available cash in the market share account. These available funds are not affecting the financial status of the business itself.Money Measurement ConceptMoney Measurement Concept is expressed in monetary term. Every transaction is records in terms of money. If the transaction cannot be measured in monetary term, consequently the transaction cannot be taken into account.Going Concern ConceptGoing concern concept is the business that expected that a business will conserve to operate its business for the next 12 months or next accounting period. This concept assumes that the business is going on steadily training for year to year without reducing its operation. When an enterprise liquidates or scale down a part of operation of the enterprise, the ability of the enterprise to continue as going concern concept is not impaired norm everyy.Materiality ConceptThis materiality concept is refers to purposes paying attention to important events and ignoring insignificant accounting items as well as suggests teeny-weeny aster purchases or improvements should be initially written rack up as an expense.Prudence conceptPrudence concept is taking a proper caution in measuring profit and income. Prudence must be exercised when preparing financial statements because of the uncertainty surrounding many transactions. In this concept, income should not be anticipated at all possible losses should be get outd for.a.) Give FOUR reasons why de rogation may occur.The definition of the depreciation is refers to noncash expense that reduces the nurse of an asset as a result of wear and tear, age, or obsolescence. Most assets lose their value over time and must be replaced once the end of their useful life is reached.The briny reason of the depreciation is due to the physical wear and tear and the passage of time. For example, the value of the car is reduced over time as new simulate is introduced to the market, or the value of used motor vehicles is lower than a similar model but new motor vehicles.The second reason is obsolescence of the asset. For instance, the old utensil in a factory is become more obsolescence due to time that the machine used. After many years, the value of the machine is depreciated because the residual or trumpery value of the asset and similar new machine is come out in the market.The third reason is passage of time. Some assets diminish in value on account of sheer passage of time, even though they are not used. For example, the patent rights, copy rights and lease hold property.The forth reason is depletion of the asset. The depletion is to provide for the consumption on charge against earnings, based on the amount of wasting natural resources that are taken out of total available reserves during an accounting period.2 b.)A firm buys a motor vehicles in January 20X5 for RM10,000. Calculate the annual depreciation for the first four years using.Reducing Balance Method, at an annual rate of 20%.Reducing Balance MethodDepreciation Reduced BalanceYear 1 (20X5) 20% x RM 10,000 = RM 2,000 (RM 10,000 2,000) = RM 8,000Year 2 (20X6) 20% x RM 8,000 = RM 1,600 (RM 8,000 1,600) = RM 6,400Year 3 (20X7) 20% x RM 6,400 = RM 1,280 (RM 6,400 1,280) = RM 5,120Year 4 (20X8) 20% x RM 5,120 = RM 1,024 (RM5, 120 1,024) = RM 4,096Straight Line Method, if the vehicle is to be sold in four years time for RM2,000.Straight Line MethodDepreciation per year === RM 2,000Dt labour Vehicle accountC tRMRM20X520X5Jan 1Bank10,000Dec 31Balance c/d10,00020X620X6Jan 1Balance b/d10,000Dec 31Balance c/d10,00020X720X7Jan 1Balance b/d10,000Dec 31Balance c/d10,00020X820X8Jan 1Balance b/d10,000Dec 31Balance c/d10,000DtProvision for Depreciation on VehicleCtRMRM20X520X5Dec 31Balance c/d2,000Dec 31Profit Loss A/C2,00020X620X6Dec 31Balance c/d4,000Jan 1Balance b/d2,000Dec 31Profit Loss A/C2,0004,0004,00020X720X7Dec 31Balance c/d6,000Jan 1Balance b/d4,000Dec 31Profit Loss A/C2,0006,0006,00020X820X8Dec 31Balance c/d8,000Jan 1Balance b/d6,000Dec 31Profit Loss A/C2,0008,0008,000Profit Loss Account ( extract ) for the year ended 31 December20X520X620X720X8Operating expenses RMRMRMRMDepreciation of Motor Vehicle2,0002,0002,0002,000Balance Sheet ( extract ) as at 31 December20X520X620X720X8Fixed AssetsRMRMRMRMMotor Vehicle, at cost10,00010,00010,00010,000Less Provision for depreciation2,0004,0006,0008,000Net book value8,0006,0004,0002,000Calculate the cost of raw materials issued from the fol lowing data using DATEPURCHASESSALESJAN15 units x RM 10.00FEB10 units x RM 10.50APRIL20 units x RM 25.00JUN8 units x RM 11.00AUG10 units x RM 25.00SEPT20 units x RM12.00NOV13 units x RM 25.00a.) LIFO orderDatePurchases approach of goods soldBalanceJan15units x RM 1015units x RM 10 = RM 150Feb10units x RM10.5010units x RM 10.50 = RM 105 count25 units RM 225April10units x RM10.5010units x RM 1010units x RM10.50 = RM10510units x RM 10 = RM100TOTAL5 units x RM10 = RM 50Jun8 units x RM118 units x RM 11 = RM 88TOTAL5 units x RM10 = RM 508 units x RM 11 = RM 8813 units RM 138August8 units x RM 112 units x RM 108 units x RM 11 = RM 882 units x RM 10 = RM 2010 units RM 108TOTAL3 units x RM 10 = RM 30Sept20 units x RM 1220 units x RM 12 = RM 240TOTAL3 units x RM 10 = RM 3020 units x RM 12 = RM 24023 units RM 270Nov13 units x RM 1213 units x RM 12 = RM 156Closing stock3 units x RM 10 = RM 307 units x RM 12 = RM 8410 units RM 114gross revenue = ( 20 units + 10 units + 13 units ) x RM 25= RM 1075Cost of goods sold= (10units x RM10.50) + (10units x RM 10 ) + (8 units x RM 11 ) + (2 units x RM 10 ) + ( 13 units x RM 12 )= RM 105 + RM 100 + RM 88 + RM 20 + RM 156= RM 469GROSS PROFIT = sales Cost of Goods Sold= RM1075 RM469= RM606b.) FIFO methodDatePurchaseCost of goods soldBalanceJan15 units x RM 1015 units x RM 10 = RM 150Feb10 units x RM 10.5010 units x RM 10.50= RM 105TOTAL25 units RM155April15 units x RM 105 units x RM 10.5015 units x RM 10 = RM 1505 units x RM 10.50= RM 52.5020 units RM 202.50TOTAL5 units x RM 10.50 = RM 52.50Jun8 units x RM 118 units x RM 11 = RM 88TOTAL5 units x RM 10.50 = RM 52.508 units x RM 11 = RM 8813 units RM 140.50August5 units x RM 10.505 units x RM 115 units x RM 10.50 = RM 52.505 units x RM 11 = RM 5510 units RM 107.50TOTAL3 units x RM 11 = RM 33Sept20 units x RM 1220 units x RM 12 = RM 240TOTAL3 units x RM 11 = RM 3320 units x RM 12 = RM 24023 units RM273Nov3 units x RM 1110 units x RM 123 units x RM 11 = RM 3310 units x RM 12 = RM 12013 units RM 153Closing stock10 units x RM 12 = RM 120Sales = ( 20 units + 10 units + 13 units ) x RM 25= RM 1075Cost of goods sold= ( 15 units x RM 10 ) + ( 5 units x RM 10.50 ) + ( 5 units x RM 10.50 ) + ( 5 units x RM 11 ) + ( 3 units x RM 11 ) + ( 10 units x RM 12 )= RM 150 + RM 52.50 + RM 52.50 + RM 55 + RM 33 + RM 120= RM 463GROSS PROFIT =Sales Cost of Goods Sold=RM1075 RM463=RM612c.) Average cost methodDatePurchasesCost of goods soldBalanceJan15 units x RM 1015 units x RM 10 = RM 150Feb10 units x RM 10.5010 units x RM 10.50 = RM 105WAVCO15 units x RM 10 = RM 15010 units x RM 10.50 = RM 10525 units RM 225= RM 10.20 / unitsApril20 units x RM 10.2020 units x RM 10.20 = RM 204TOTAL5 units x RM 10.20 = RM 51Jun8 x RM 118 units x RM 11 = RM 88WAVCO5 units x RM 10.20 = RM 518 units x RM 11 = RM 8813 units RM 139= RM 10.69 / unitsAugust10 units x RM 10.6910 units x RM 10.69 = RM 106.90TOTAL3 units x RM 10.69 = RM 32.07Sept20 units x RM 1220 units x RM 12 = RM 240WAVCO3 uni ts x RM 10.69 = RM 32.0720 units x RM 12 = RM 24023 units RM 272.07= RM 11.83 / unitsNov13 units x RM 11.8313 units x RM 11.83 = RM 153.79Closing stock10 units x RM 11.83 = RM 118.30Sales = ( 20 units + 10 units + 13 units ) x RM 25= RM 1075Cost of Goods Sold= ( 20 units x RM 10.20 ) + ( 10 units x RM 10.69 ) + (13 units x RM 11.83 )= RM 204 + RM 106.90 + RM 153.79= RM 464.69GROSS PROFIT =Sales Cost of Goods Sold= RM1075 RM 464.69= RM 610.315a.) Explain clearly the difference between capital white plague and revenue outgo. large(p) consumption is acquired to be used in business operation to generate revenue for a period of more than one year. Capital expenditure is the money that spends on buying asset. For instance, office equipment and motor vehicle are the examples of the capital expenditure. Capital expenditure also can be considered as the useful economic life of the asset. Therefore, the expenditure aimred is allocated over the period it is used to match the revenue earn ed.On the other hand, revenue expenditure are incur in the current year in the business operation. The revenue expenditure is the expenditure on the wages, premises, and utility bills. Therefore, the revenue expenditure need to written off to the profit and loss account in the year in order to measure the profit or loss. This is an accounting concept termed matching and accruals concept. Revenue expenditure also is the money that spends to obtain the use of the asset and maintain the dairy operation of the business.b.) Classify the following items as capital or revenue expenditure.i .) Cost of new machineryCapital expenditureii . ) Petrol and oil for the motor vehicleRevenue expenditureiii . ) Wages of office lagRevenue expenditureiv . ) Extension of factoryCapital expenditurev . ) Repainting officeRevenue expenditurevi . ) Cost of road tax and insurance for new vanCapital expenditurevii . ) Cost of road tax and insurance for existing vanRevenue expenditure viii . ) Repair and mai ntenance of existing vanRevenue expenditureix . ) Legal fees paid in connection with factory extensionRevenue expenditurex . ) Cost of painting firms name on new vanCapital expenditureBibliographyInternet sourcesWikipedia 2009, Entity concept, 5 Dec, viewed by 3 July 2010BusinessDictionary.com 2010, business entity concept, viewed by 18 June 2010Tutor2u, accounting concept and conventions, viewed by 18 June 2010Anil Kumar Gupta 2007, Depreciation, Causes of Depreciation, Need for Provision of Depreciation , 2 June ,viewed by 18 June 2010

Australia And The Global Financial Crisis Economics Essay

Australia And The Global pecuniary Crisis Economics EssayThe Global Financial Crisis (GFC) was ca employ by various factors which tinted the western worlds economies. It resulted from providing too many loans to people who could not afford to repay the loan and the packaging up of loans to on-sell (securitisation in the USA). The greed of consumers, bad investments, rising property determines, the great spread distri stillion of income, and the overall poor regulation of monies also contributed. The Australian presidential term takes credit for avoiding this respite by implementing Keynesian theory of financial and pecuniary stimulus by intervening early and a willingness to stimulate the scrimping. This stimulus was aimed to stimulate aggregate contend through increased consumption and investment outlay the minority of this stimulus being mo kaleary policy and the majority being fiscal stimulus. However this stimulus when comp atomic number 18d to other contributions to change in gross domestic product outgo was not the major contributor to avoiding the recession. Net exports were the intimately significant contributor during the GFC. This means that the stimulus did not save Australia from the recession. The authorize exports contributed greatly but when a consideration is made of all the theme Income Measures (NIM) not scarce the Gross Domestic Product (gross domestic product), Australia did have a mild recession. It is clear that the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) has created a recession not only if all over the western world, but in Australia as well and the main contributor to its mildness was Australias net exports.The Australian government has used fiscal policies to smooth out the economic fluctuations caused by the GFC and to reduce its impact on consumers. fiscal policy uses changes in government spending and/or reduces taxes to influence the level of aggregate demand to impact the general direction of the economic system. When Austr alia was threatened by the global financial crisis, the government took the natural action of implementing the largest fiscal stimulus in the world (Makin 20105). The government spending was used for infrastructure projects for the purpose of stimulating the workforce during the GFC recession especially when the construction assiduity is particularly depressed. In addition, the government is spending on transfer payments to people under the Employment Insurance and Welfare programs increase during a recession and thereby providing more incite to the level of aggregated demand. These stimulus packages (Government spending) include the Economic Security Strategy,the Nation Building Economic Stimulus, the Nation Building and Jobs Plan and a Nation Building Infrastructure standards which have reached a more than $55.6 billion (Makin 20105). Most of this funding was targeted to support local jobs throughout Australia by building new-made projects and facilities that will have lastin g benefits across the nation including (ALP 2011). Australia went through the GFC economically with the strongest growth of any advanced economy through 2009 (ALP 2011).With the government stimulating the economy resulting in a multiplier effect, the planned aggregated expenditure increases.The Australian government also stimulated the economy with the aid of the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) to increase the planned aggregated expenditure by the use of monetary policy. The RBA sets the come to rate on overnight loans in the money market which affects other interest pass judgment in the economy to varying degrees, so that the behaviour of borrowers and lenders in the financial markets are affected by monetary policy (though not only by monetary policy). This can be seen in the figure 1below as the supply curve shifts to the right which meant that the RBAs influence could be used to reduce the kernel of the GFC. This could be done by three judges the first measure was to provide extended opportunities for the banks to borrow from the RBA. This provided sufficient liquidity for banks to support them through the GFC. The second measure was to provide loans or make direct purchases to support certain markets. This allowed for mortgage-securities to be bought back and provide short-term stabilities. The third measure was the use of guarantees to stabilise markets, support banks in raising debt and to avoid a run on the banking system. This helped to increase the willingness to lend, since lenders were only willing to lend at short maturities. The ability to modify rates at any time provided the RBA with the flexibility to stimulate the economy in a downturn and prevent an overheating boom. Thus in the GFC the decrease in interest rates reduces the cost in borrowing resulting in increased planned aggIt regate expenditure.Figure 1 A Monetary Injection and How It Will assume the Supply and Demand of Money.The Australian government increased government spending t o increase private and public consumption by the use of monetary and fiscal policy to counter the negative contributions from public and private investment. The recorded contribution from direct Australian government consumption to a change in gross domestic product(E) in the December 2008 quarter wasactually negative(-0.1 per cent), followed by nil contribution in the March quarter. These were offset by negligible positivistic contributions from bow and local anesthetic consumption spending. This was due to the result of administrative delays in implementing infrastructure spending causing the total public spending not to increase until the end of 2009, but only afterward the worst of the GFC had passed. During the time of the GFC from the September 2008 to the March 2009 quarters, the main contributors to expenditure were not private and public consumption but net exports which detracted from substantive expenditure growth in quarters before and after the GFC struck. The stron g net export result can be explained by a keep up real exchange-rate depreciation of over 25 per cent in trade-weighted terms during the December 2008 and March 2009 quarters, which made exports substantially cheaper for foreign buyers and imports more expensive for domestic help buyers. There was also sustained demand for commodities from key Asian trading partners, including China, over this time. The Australian strong economy can be credited to its net exports rather than government spending, to maintain a positive GDP during the GFC. knock back 2 Contributions to GDP Growth (percentage points per quarter, seasonally adjusted)Federal Government ConsumptionState and Local Govt ConsumptionFederalGovernmentInvestmentState and Local Govt InvestmentStatistical Discrepancy genuine GDPJun-20080.00.10.30.3-0.10.2Sep-20080.10.1-0.2-0.1-0.10.4Dec-2008-0.10.1-0.2-0.10.0-0.7Mar-20090.00.1-0.10.0-0.90.7Jun-20090.00.10.00.1-0.30.5Sep-20090.20.10.00.2-0.10.3Dec-20090.30.10.20.30.01.0Source Ma kin, A 2010, Did Australias Fiscal Stimulus Counter Recession? Evidence from National Accounts, pg. 10, A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2010.A recession can be hardened when there are two consecutive negative quarters of GDP and also when there is a 1.5% rise in unemployment within 12 months. The tokenish GDP fell in the March 2009 and June 2009 quarters implying there was a contraction in subject field income. The reason the average volume measure of GDP remained positive in the March quarter, while the current price value measure shrank, is that there was a sharp fall in the implicit price deflator (or overall price level), due in no small part to heavy retail discounting of goods for sale at this time. Meanwhile, real GDP per head, the single most important indicator of recession, fell successively over three quarters by a total of 1.3 per cent. The real GDP (E) measure in submit 1 is the only conventional GDP series that did not record at least two c onsecutive negative outcomes. Average real GDP was not negative for two successive quarters because the GDP (E) measures were sufficiently positive to make GDP (A) positive. Hence, the claim that fiscal stimulus enabled Australia to avoid recession according to the media definition of recession, in the end depends on the nature and robustness of the real GDP(E) measure for the March 2009 quarter. simply Australia did have over 1.5% rise in unemployment, 1.1 per cent in the September 2008 and 1.5 per cent in the June 2009, meaning unemployment had a 1.5% rise in unemployment within 12 months meaning Australia had a recession.Table 1 Conventional Measures of Gross Domestic Product (percentage growth per quarter, trend basis)Real GDP-ExpenditureReal GDP-IncomeReal GDP -ProductionReal GDP-AverageReal GDP per capitaNominal GDPJun-20080.30.30.70.40.12.8Sep-20080.1-0.20.20.0-0.52.1Dec-20080.4-0.2-0.20.0-0.50.6Mar-20090.70.2-0.20.2-0.3-0.8Jun-20090.90.50.10.50.0-0.7Sep-20090.90.50.60.60.20 .7Dec-20090.80.60.90.80.32.2Source Makin, A 2010, Did Australias Fiscal Stimulus Counter Recession? Evidence from National Accounts, pg. 8, A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2010.The claim that Australia avoided a recession rests on the definition of recession as two consecutive quarters of falling GDP. This definition is popular with media commentators and market economists and is tacitly approved by the Australian Treasury and the Reserve Bank of Australia. However, it lacks support from academic economists and policymakers abroad because it is too narrow. If a consideration is made to all the National Income Measures (NIM) not just the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) indicators of macroeconomic activity can broaden the margin for error that is always subjected to the economy-wide data especially in the face of a major shock such as the GFC, as evidenced by large statistical discrepancies in the national accounts. As shown above in Table 1, two successive quart ers of negative growthwererecorded in nominal GDP, the real production and income-based measures of GDP, and real GDP per head. The real GDP (E) measure was the only series that did not fall over two successive quarters. Alternative national income series for Australia gleaned from the most recent set of national accounts are included in Table 3, all of which reveal at least two successive negative quarterly outcomes. Though routinely ignored in economic commentary, the real gross and net domestic and national income series are especially important measures of Australias international macroeconomic performance because they reflect the impact of the terms of trade (or ratio of prices received for exports to prices paid for imports) on the economy. Derived by adjusting the volume measure of GDP for changes in the international purchasing power of national income which, in Australias case, occurs due to fluctuating export commodity prices, these series are broader measures of national economic wellbeing than the standard real GDP measure used in the media definition of recession, which can assist in a more accurate decision whether Australia is in a recession or not.Table 3 Other National Income Measures (percentage growth per quarter, trend basis)Real Net Domestic ProductReal Gross Domestic IncomeReal Gross National IncomeReal Net National Disposable IncomeReal Net National Disposable Income per CapitaJun-20080.32.22.52.72.2Sep-2008-0.31.21.61.51.0Dec-2008-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.5-1.1Mar-2009-0.1-1.2-1.2-1.8-2.3Jun-20090.4-0.5-0.6-1.0-1.5Sep-20090.50.30.30.1-0.3Dec-20090.40.70.70.60.2Source Makin, A 2010, Did Australias Fiscal Stimulus Counter Recession? Evidence from National Accounts, pg. 13, A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2010.Fiscal policy uses changes in government spending and/or reduces taxes to influence the level of aggregate demand to impact the general direction of the economy. This resulted in a multiplier effect which increased the planned aggregated expenditure that monetary policy also contributed too. But the main contributors to expenditure were not private and public consumption but net exports which detracted from real expenditure growth in quarters before and after the GFC struck. A recession can be determined when there are two consecutive negative quarters of GDP and also when there is a 1.5% rise in unemployment within 12 months. Average real GDP was not negative for two successive quarters because the GDP (E) measures were sufficiently positive to make GDP (A) positive. Hence, the claim that fiscal stimulus enabled Australia to avoid recession according to the media definition of recession. If a consideration is made to all the National Income Measures (NIM) not just the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) indicators of macroeconomic activity, all of which reveal at least two successive negative quarterly outcomes, Australia did have a recession. It than becomes clear that the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) has created a recession not only all over the western world, but in Australia as well. Thereby in the short-run, increases in households discretionary income and increase in spending results in a sudden increase of disposable income to help fight the downturn. The Australian strong economy can be credited to its net exports rather than government spending but government spending did help maintain investment and consuming pledge that help to maintain the flow of monies.

Genetic Problems Of The Cousin Marriages Sociology Essay

Genetic Problems Of The Cousin Marriages Sociology EssayScientists working on the inheritableal egressions of inbreeding argued that autosomal recessive gene increases homozygosity and produce mal inningations which argon a green occasion of cardiovascular, central nervous system, urogenital, ophthalmic, gastrointestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, and also multiple malformations (5 page 14). Similarly, Bundey and Alam base postneonatal mortality and childhood morbidity in the offspring of consanguineous Pakistani parents (6). Ahmed, et al (1) set hemoglobinopathies as a major transmitted problem among Pakistani first cousin-german-german-german couples. The research- team studied 15 families carrying hemoglobin and eight control families without the history of a hemoglobin disorders. The scientists in this study found that the cousin couples carry -thalassemia and 0.5 to 1 percent carry hemoglobin S or hemoglobin E. The infants of the cousin couples touch ratio is 1.3 per 10 00 live births, and according to the study infants present -thalassemia. The ratio of genetic disorders among the children of the control couple was lower than the cousin wedding partys couple. Bullock and Khalid (4) found increase risk of low intelligence, mental instability, sickle-cell anaemia and cystic fibrosis among the children of the cousin couples. Bittles (2) argued that various types of genetic disorders pee-pee been reported to be more common among consanguineous children. For modeling congenital disorders including neural tube and congenital heart defects were reported. According to Bittles Autosomal recessive hearing loss disorders and visual defects such as early-onset retinal dystrophies, first congenital glaucoma and anophthalmos also are present at increased prevalence (2 page 95) among the children of the consanguineous spouses. These inbreeding studies are conducted among the Pakistani ethnic diaspora communities quick in the westward countries. However, th ere is a dearth of inbreeding studies within the Pakistani society.However, second perspective (8, 9) argued that the chances of the genetic disorders are low and exaggerated. This perspective claimed that there are lower chances of the genetic disorders and that the media has stigmatized ethnic minority groups which alienated the biotic community from mainstream westbound society1.Socio- Genetic ProblemsGenetic ProblemsSocial ProblemsCongenital malformationsLearning difficulties,hearing impairment, infant mortality, morbidity, long barrier disability, increase birth prevalence, blindnessCardiovascular diseaseAsthma/ eczemaSingle-gene disorders (neurological disorders)Cerebral palsyDown syndromeMetabolic disordersSpontaneous abortion or infertilitycystic fibrosisUrogenitalOphthalmicGastrointestinalSkeletalCutaneousHemoglobinThalassaemiaFig 1 Genetic and kindly incommodes found in relevant literatureHence, it is claimed (10) that the chances of a 4 % health risk are possible among the non- copulation espousals. The chances of unrelated cousins are also high and there is nothing signifi tint on cousin marriage offsprings (11). Genetic effects appear in later age and are overtly emphasized on the basis of medical examination justification (9). Thus, it can be seen from the above contestation on genetics that the problem exists and the main cause is the consanguineous marriages. This is accelerating debate among medical healers, geneticists and other health professionals within the Western countries about populations carrying genetic disorders and being stigmatized on medical grounds. However, this debate is nor prevalent within the countries where cousin marriages occur on a large scale.1.2 Cultural traditions of the cousin marriagesConsanguineous marriages constitute from 20 to 60 % of all marriages (9, 12). Worldwide 8.5% of child births are from consanguineous couples (9,12 ). Ten percent of worldwide congenital and genetic disorders are imputable t o these marriages. In the Middle East and parts of Japan, and South Asia the marriages are governing. Nevertheless, the absolute majority ratio is in the Middle East (30 %) and in Pakistan (40 %) (1). Such marriages are under criticism in Europe and America get on common in Asia, Africa and Middle East (4, 7).A number of factors are listed in favour of cousin marriages for instance property preservation within the like well-disposed group, socio-cultural concerns of the cousins, blood ties maintenance, purification of family and association among the similar group (5). The marriages are a closed network of relatives, and they form socio-political alliances. The marriages are a source of social welfare and strong ties between the cousins that forms a kinship structure (12, 13). This pattern of marriage is customary in the Middle East and pre-dominantly in Muslim societies, especially Pakistan. There is growing argument and debate over the issues, caused by the genetics problems w hich are originating mainly through cousin marriages. The perceptions of genetic problems are over- emphasized in the developed nations ( collect to the technology, medical treatment available and cognisance of the genetic issues) and with less in force(p) concern in the developing countries which could not afford the technology and cost of medicament. Therefore, there is a need to know, how and where the problem lies and what impact it has on child health care.1.3 generalism and indigenous noesis of cousin marriagesCosmopolitanism is the notion that all human beings share a similar moral and scientific normative system (14, 15). The global acquaintance is the common body of friendship across the discipline and geographical boundaries. In this paper cosmopolitan knowledge I used as scientific debate on the cousin marriages. The term indigenous knowledge refers to ethnic and cultural perceptions of the people in a particular region which share origins and a common feeling sys tem. Cosmopolitan knowledge is a lesser debated issue among the common man in developing countries, like Pakistan, where cousin marriages prevail on a large scale. Does the cosmopolitan knowledge of congenital disorders undermine the indigenous perspectives of the belief system in the community of Kabirwala (Pakistan)? The study is aims to understand the genetic problems due to cousin marriages and the peoples perceptions of cousin marriages (daughter/ sister exchange for spouse selection) and the impact on congenital diseases. This is an effort to know how cosmopolitan knowledge differs with the indigenous perceptions of congenital diseases among the families who are living under a woman exchange system (among cousins) and how the system is affecting child health care and why health services are otiose to handle the issue within the cultural context.2. Research designI was working on my research project exchange marriage system in Kabirwala, a town in Pakistan. During the fieldwor k, I found the blind and disabled persons whose parents were marry on the basis of the exchange marriage.Fig 2 Respondents level of the study2I conducted interviews in a village of Kabirwala with the spouses who were espouse with cousins, their children to know the issue of genetic and their perceptions about the issue. The data was analyzed in line with Grounded Theory Method. This regularity develops the categories from the data (19, 20, 21). I developed the concepts and categories from the interviews. I interpreted and elaborated the data relevant to genetic problems for understanding the issue and categorized the data according to the themes. relevant reports, articles were used to strengthen the findings of the primary data (16, 17, 18).3. ResultsI categories the results into below categories2.1 Destiny and Luck cousin marriages and congenital diseasesMehboob357 year old male is married with his cousin Rubia, 42 years. Rubia has nominal education. The couple have 11 childre n (3 sons and 8 daughters), and one child (Rakha in Fig 3) died one month afterwards birth. Among the 11 children, two (Tahir and Najma) are blind and one child (Mehwi) has a hearing problem. The couple called it a matter of taqdeer (destiny) and argued that two children are blind due to their sin and one had died because us kay din poray ho gaye thay (he has finished his life means he has only this life given by God).Fig 3 Family of MehboobWhen I asked, was this not a genetic problem?, the respondents replied that it was Gods will and this was the reason for his sons death. It is a matter of luck, destiny and genetics has minor role to play, explained the respondents.2.2 Religious laterality and genetic problemsAslam, a 57- year old man has different views about the genetic issues and he argues that genetic issues are not factual ones, and that the Prophets daughter was married with Ali (the cousin of Prophet Muhammad). He explains it is not possible that cousin marriage has pro blems and that the Prophet did not forbid it. People believe that the religious interpretation is the real one, and it is Allah who gives and solves genetic problems.The family has authority to arrange the marriages and enjoy in return obedience of the son/daughter. It encourages the elders to be conformist with the local traditions and follow the traditional norms to regulate cousin network. However, a 29-year, Kalsoom a female, argued that parents control the decision-making authority because they want to rule their offspring. She tells that religion has given authority to parents but they should use this authority in a protective(predicate) manner. She explains that genetics has no link with cousin marriage. The respondent claimed it is God who does whatever HE wants. Nevertheless, Kabir, a 33- year male believes that cousin marriages are as a source of security, stability, strength and unity.2.3 Consanguineous marriages and formation of social capitalCousin marriages determined the level of the kinship involvement in the Kabirwala community. Marriage with nearest relative is preferred. The relationship between in-laws extends beyond the couple. If a marriage is successful, it will be followed by others between the two families. Fig 4 indicates the some ratios of alternatives.Fig 4 Marriage patternsCousin links, formed through marriages persist and are reinforced through the generations.The foremost source of the marriage proposal is within the lineage (22). It is found in this study (see Fig 5).Fig 5 Marriage trendsThe cousin marriages form a kind of social capital because the relatives are responsible to go forth for a person in need. These cousins help, support and maintain the social security of a person in Pakistan.2.4 Public health problem the gaps between knowledge and indigenous belief systemAkram, a 50- year male respondent elaborated his account and tell, his children are more beautiful than his brothers because he was married with his cousin and his brother was married with someone other than cousins. He mentioned that it was due to his own genes that his (spouse) gave birth to beautiful children. However, Kalim a 30-year, male disagreed with the above argument and he said it was marriage of his cousins that has given a blind child. Akram is a single case so whose generalization is not possible. Some young and educated respondents have awareness about the cousin marriages and genetics problems. Rabia, 25 years, a single, female respondent mentioned that cousin marriages creates zahanat ki kami (less intellect), kamzori (physical-weakness), zahni bemari (abnormality), and apas main gharello jahgrey (domestic conflicts). Although there is evidence of blind and disabled children from cousin marriages. This appears to be with medical research on the subjects. There is nominal awareness among the people of the genetic issues. The community is not aware about role of the genetic disorders. If anybody in the community has know ledge they negate it due to the belief system.Cultural opportunities and constraintsOpportunitiesConstraintsPurification of the familyFamily conflict, less knowledge of congenital disorders, lack of research, lack of awareness, lack of medical treatment infrastructure availability in the community of Kabirwala, lack of counseling opportunities, paternal authority, superstitionsStrengthen kinship tiesAvailability of the spouses within familySupport for woman attitudeBetter relations with in-lawsOld age careStable marriagesProperty preservationPreservation of land fragmentationLess stigmaLoosening ties brings social problemsPolitical alliancesFig 6 Comparison of opportunities and constraints2.5 Policy steps to handle the issue of consanguineous marriagesThere is a dearth of the research in the community of Kabirwala with reference to the cousin marriages and the probability of genetic diseases. The scientists working in the field of inbreeding have an opportunity to study the commun ity which has a chain of cross-cousin marriages from generations. The inbreeding scientists may be able to find some significant results about the chain of genetic diseases the following policy steps are suggested.1) Genetic problems are considered an important issue among the scientists and less concern among the people as the present study shows. The people in the community of Kabirwala believe that disease is a matter of destiny and luck. They do not know that there is a possibility of positive relationship between the genetic disorders and the marriages. It is possible to provide education to the people. It would be helpful to issue the issue to the school syllabus.2) The local imam (religious preacher) could spread awareness of the issue in their Friday-sermons. The imam is a person who may effectively convince the people, because the majority of the people could not read and write. The people believe the religious teachings. These illiterate people could be influenced through the cultural specific ports and means. This is an easy way for the health professional to convince the local imam about the possible inherited diseases so that he is a catalyst of social change. Short weather measures are also possible to sensitize the people through media and stage-drama. However, these measure are likely not sustainable because the media is either restricted or without due credibility to spread such kind of information.3) Counselling services create awareness if they can be delivered to the remote communities like Kabirwala. However, there is no counselor-at-law service available in the community of Kabirwala yet.4) Legislation is a last step to ban the cousin marriages. But the ban on cousin marriage will be counter productive in this cultural context where breaking the law is considered as fashion and symbol of superiority. Non-conformity indicates a high social status in this community.3. Discussion and conclusionCosmopolitan knowledge has diagnosed two dis tinctive problems among the Pakistani cousin marriage couples, hemoglobin and thalassaemia. However, the hemoglobin is the main genetic trouble among Pakistani ethnic people (1, 4, 23, 25, 26). Human biological diseases are crucial one and need proper attention from health professionals and policy makers within the cultural and religious setting. A significant factor of cousin marriage is protection of property, to avoid land fragmentation and to maintain the close family ties and reassurance of the bride (5 page 13). This is similar to work by Shaw (24) which argues that social environment and religious belief has affected the prenatal diagnosis.Cousin marriages are stable and have a low divide rate among first cousins (10) and have a strong socio-economic impact on the traditional family system in Pakistan. These traditional marriages are cousin, caste and endogamy marriages. The marriages form a single fabric, and if violated can harm marriage patterns with serious moral-decay c onsequently emerging (5, 25, 26). Thus, the present debate has a strong affect on the exchange marriages, which are overwhelmingly cousin marriages and has a negative affect on the public health. In my data, despite of the fact that respondents have education they have less knowledge about this issue. The community is lacking lively debate on the problem. Genetically disorders, visible from the health conditions, are likely to happen among the community.Cosmopolitan perspectiveIndigenous perspectivePhysical incapacityExaggerated issue, stigmatized issue, qismat (luck) and taqdeer (destiny), child beauty, children are integratedMental incapacityHarmfulChronic disorderFatwa (an important ruling on a point of Islamic law)Fig 7 Cosmopolitan and indigenous perspectiveContrary, indigenous belief and attitudes have pointed to a few concerns less awareness of the genetic issues, knowledge and facilities availability. The people in the community of Kabirwala believe that genetics problems h ave a negative relationship with the cousin marriages. This is the issue of a Western society and has less validity in Pakistani society. It is matter of destiny and luck and not a medical concern. Kabir explains does western medicine ever stop a person to dying? This indicates apathy towards the genetic phenomenon where has less validity in the community. Therefore, the study found the evidence that cosmopolitan knowledge has no relevance with the indigenous belief system based on the above data.Culture centred techniques to cope with these problems reduce chances of cousin marriages. For example, if a local imam/ molvi or the school syllabus stresses these. There are chances to reduce the possibility of the cousin marriages in coming generations. However, this is the turning point to convince the community to assume and handle the issue with proper strategy. This is an open choice for the public and the health professional able where with proper facilitation and information can a ttract the public effectively. A failure to tackle the issue in a culturally specific manner could betray the health professional.The current study found that community knowledge, belief and indigenous practices are the main causes responsible for the prevalence of cousin marriages in Kabirwala. These factors are also the stumbling-blocks in making the indigenous knowledge compatible with the cosmopolitan knowledge. Therefore, there are few concerns among the Kabirwala community about the genetic problems which way occur. They feel protected by their system of beliefs. Notion of luck and destiny is dominant in indigenous knowledge.

Online Communities :: essays research papers

I. IntroductionYork university in Canada once created a web site called York University student Center Online. This web site concern about the student activities on campus and outside. First lunched in 2001, the aim of Yorks website is entertainment and media publication. It has a good write up among other Canadian universities websites. The web site archives many of the student activities since its launch till today. Some of the website activities are holding online orientations for spick-and-span students, weekly newsletter about student clubs and organizations, collecting donations, web register for events and concerts, online discussion with professors. The article York University Student Center Online says that lots of Yorks students has got active in the university from behind their computers screens only. These students where in some day in the past the typical character of the passive students. The articles also claims that many crimes came about from behind the website. Students mis characterd the other students properties and tried to withdraw their work and ideas that they have published on the website (yorku.ca). These disadvantages appears to the surface always with the existence of a new web technology. Yorks website is an example of what so called an online community for college students. This new form of a web site can also be applied at AUS. Although an online community for AUS students may have some disadvantages, it is beneficial for four-spot main reasons.II. Online communities backgroundCommunity is an odd and rich term in the world of Internet public life. Like many key conception of the social sciences, it has specific and rigid meaning for scholars, and broader connotation when it is used in the information technology language. According to Christian Crumlish, an online community or virtual community is a group whose members are connected by means of information technologies, typically the Internet (Crumlish, p. 142). By this def inition of the online community, the Internet is the term behind the internationally connected computers that link the people all around the world into online discussions by using the great CMC (Computer-Mediated Communications) technology. This general definition fulfills all the possible activities that can be make in an online community. Howard Rheingold in his book The Virtual Community claims that the important thing to keep in mind is that the worldwide interconnected telecommunication network that we use to make telephone calls in sharjah and Dubai can also be used to connect computers together at a distance, and you dont have to be an engineer to do it (rheingold.

Compare and contrast the two poems, focusing on how the poets use Essay

Compare and contrast the two verses, focusing on how the poets engagelanguage and imagery to represent war.Both verses are war poems of two different periods in history. TheCharge of the Light Brigade, by Alfred Tennyson, was written beforethe 20th century whereas Dulce et decorum est was first draftedin 1917 by a poet named Wilfred Owen. Tennysons poem was set in TheCrimean War (1854-56) where the British commander made the mistake ofcharging at the main Russian position. He was meant to have retakensome guns held by the Russians. This had inevitably caused many deathsto the six hundred men that obeyed the order. Alfred Lord Tennyson wasnot at the troth scene, he created his poem through the descriptiongiven in The Times newspaper. Unlike Tennyson, Wilfred Owens poemis based on his experience in the First World War. This poem describeshow he and some soldiers were ambushed by a gas attack. Then he wasforced to watch one of his men die after failing to typeset his gas maskon in time. His poems title, Dulce et decorum est, is Latin for Itis sweet and proper. He sees war as being wrong and a lie, whilstTennyson believes that enduring on war is Noble and an Honour.The Charge of The Light Brigade consists of short lines giving therhythm a fast pace. Although throughout the poem the rhyming is notregular, the rhyme is distinctive because the lines are short. accordingly rhymes like onward and hundred are clearly heard. Thishelps give the poem a positive tone.We feel that the soldiers are heroic as the Half a league movesonwards into battle. When the poem is read allowed the tripling soundslike marching. This effect gives a sense of bravery from The LightBriga... ...be that the victimof the gas attack is so badly scared his face is like a sick devil.Tennyson, from what has been implied in the poem, views war somethingthat is for the brave and people should respect those who have foughtfor Britain. Despite his patriotic view, he has repeated the danger ofan ear ly death in his poem, proving he is fully aware of warshorrors. Owen has shown war as being gruesome. His poem describes thewar through the senses, which allows readers inclose the shoes ofWilfred Owen, and understand wars tragedy. He believes that sweetand proper to die for your country is a lie, unlike Tennyson. AlfredTennysons poem was based on a newspaper article that has made thepoem biased and patriotic. I prefer Wilfred Owens poem because I amable to see war through his experience and how The First World War hasemotionally affected him.